, 61,6% of the population of the country (16,3 million) survive with less than $3,68 a day. Of that percentage, almost 30% live in extreme poverty, which means that they get by with $2,07 per day. Because of this, the majority of people in Guatemala do not have the opportunity to access the basic market basket;this is why the consumption of the manj\u00faa is so important for them.<\/span><\/p>\nBecause of its importance to the economic, social and cultural development of the country, the manj\u00faa fishing activity should be one of the most regulated and protected by the State. “It has closed periods, no-fishing zones, minimum catch size, and specific regulations on the characteristics of the fishing gear. But, one thing is that these regulations exist, and another that they are complied with,” lamented Ixquiac. <\/span><\/p>\nWhere is the manj\u00faa marketed? <\/b><\/p>\n
“We have no idea where they take it. Only the buyer comes, we negotiate a price and sell it. We just fish it and that’s it,” said Zoila when asked if she knows the destination of the manj\u00faa she extracts from the sea. For sure, the only thing she thinks about is the money she will get from her daily catch. <\/span><\/p>\nAfter catching it, Zoila and the other fishermen, also known as sardineros, salt the manj\u00faa on the spot. This is important because it helps the fish release moisture. Then, on land, the process is finished by drying it in the sun. After that, they stack it up in plastic bags for the seller to collect.<\/span><\/p>\nDepending on the time of year, the price offered by the middleman for a pound of manj\u00faa varies from 1 ($0.13) to 8 quetzales ($1.03). The average is Q5 ($0.64). However, after being distributed in different markets, the same pound can be purchased for more than Q20 ($2.60). Even though the final price is not cheap, a pound of chicken, for instance, is worth Q11 ($1,42) and of meat Q28 ($3,63), people tend to buy by the ounce, which can feed the whole family, as opposed to others type of meat.<\/span><\/p>\nIts amazing nutritional profile and wide appeal have caught the attention of dealers from El Salvador. \u201cWe pack it in trays of one or three pounds, and export it,\u201d said Leider P\u00e9rez, fisherman and manj\u00faa seller in Puerto Barrios. However, Guatemala is still the only place where its capture is legal. <\/span><\/p>\nMost of the manj\u00faa, which in other regions of the country is known as pepesca or simply as pescaditos, is taken to Guatemala City and then distributed to markets in Chimaltenango and El Quich\u00e9, departments located some 60 and 150 kilometers west of Guatemala City, respectively. From there, it is moved to other departments such as Solol\u00e1, Quetzaltenango and Huehuetenango, which have a majority indigenous population. There, “the people throw it on the comal, brown it, and eat it toasted, with a little tomato, a little lemon. It’s delicious,” said Leider P\u00e9rez, fisherman and manj\u00faa seller in Puerto Barrios. <\/span><\/p>\nIn Solol\u00e1, specifically in San Pedro La Laguna, on the shores of Lake Atitl\u00e1n, Catalina Ajq\u00fa uses manj\u00faa to prepare P’aay ch\u00fa s’aay (fish skate, in the Maya Tzu’tujil language). Like Zoila, Do\u00f1a Catalina does not know where she gets the dried fish she uses to make the pat\u00edn. “We prepare it on any occasion to share with the family, or for our husbands when they go to the countryside,” she said. And it’s not just a homemade preparation. Pat\u00edn can be purchased at the local market in San Pedro, and can also be made with dried shrimp, chicken and pork. <\/span><\/p>\nUnregulated fishing <\/b><\/p>\n
“Manj\u00faa fishing began about 50 years ago. Some countrymen named Cotoc were the ones who bought it and took it to the interior of the country,” recalled C\u00e9sar Aguilar, a fisherman in his 70s. The interest of these highlands merchants created a new niche that didn\u2019t exist before the 1970s. Aguilar was part of one of seven crews that began extracting manj\u00faa in the shallow waters of Punta de Manabique. <\/span><\/p>\nNow, it is estimated that currently there could be around 600 registered fishermen dedicated to manj\u00faa extraction, and one of the biggest efforts is to have a proper census, so the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Regulations (DIPESCA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAGA), could apply different regulations, in order to reorganize the activity for the benefit of both the community and the region\u2019s marine biodiversity.<\/span><\/p>\nIt is here where this collaborative effort between different sectors seeks to have a real impact. By knowing how many people fishes for the manj\u00faa, and how much they extract, more effective strategies to protect the availability of this natural resource could be created without affecting people\u2019s livelihoods. However, the current reality is characterized by the lack of control established since the inception of the activity, according to Manuel Ixquiac. <\/span><\/p>\n\u201cIt wasn\u2019t until 1998-99, when the Mesoamerican Reef System (MAR) was recognized as an area of great importance for the region’s fisheries, that the countries of the region expressed an interest inGuatemala abandoning the manj\u00faa fishery,” said Ixquiac.<\/span><\/p>\nSurprisingly, despite all of this, there is still no danger to the biological equilibrium, at least from the perspective of the sardineros, because even though right now the fish stocks are \u201ca bit overexploited\u201d, according to Ixquiac, the availability of the resource is still abundant. Estimates speak of an annual extraction of 2,700 metric tons of manj\u00faa. Other studies made by DIPESCA, found out that annual biomass has increased \u201cfrom 40 tons in 2006, to 48 and 52 in the recent years,\u201d said Mario Salazar, Inspector of fisheries atthe government entity. <\/span><\/p>\nShared responsibilities <\/b><\/p>\n
So, why all of these efforts are important? Everyone involved seeks fair conditions for themselves. The authorities aspire to have an orderly and regulated activity, that benefits fishermen and those who consume the manj\u00faa. The sardineros want fair working conditions, since this is the only job they have. Lastly, the international organizations, like IUCN, promote sustainable management that benefits communities and marine life of the region. <\/span><\/p>\nIn that matter, one of the strongest features of the conservation strategy is the fishing ban, that goes from May 1 to July 15. Every year, Zoila and the rest of sardineros must seek other economic activities, to allow the juvenile manj\u00faas to reach their ideal measurement. “DIPESCA, annually, comes to enforce the ban, through meetings with representatives of each fishing community,” said IUCN’s Blanca Garc\u00eda, coordinator of the biodiversity program. Up to 120 fishermen participate in these meetings, so the no-fishing periods are adopted in a participatory, consensual manner. <\/span><\/p>\nThe problem is that, during this period, many of these fishermen cannot resort to other types of productive activities for their subsistence. Unlike other populations in Guatemala, the residents of this part of the country do not have land to grow crops for their own consumption. “In each closed season, the fishermen’s committee in each village asks the municipality for help (a bag of food). Sometimes they give it, and sometimes they don’t,” lamented Zoila. <\/span><\/p>\nThis lack of opportunities, as well as the weakness of DIPESCA to carry out surveillance trips, leads many of the fishermen to violate the ban. “For us, the way to solve this problem is with a strongerpresence of the fishing authorities,” said Benedicto Cord\u00f3n, sardine fisherman and representative of the Puerto Barrios fishermen’s committee.<\/span><\/p>\nAlthough DIPESCA recognizes that the lack of funds is a major impediment to carrying out an “effective management” of compliance with the ban, they believe that it is the fishermen who must do more on their part to prevent the reduction of the fishing resource. “If we say to the fisherman “try to limit the manj\u00faa these months”, it is because we know that the manj\u00faa is reproducing. Many of the fishermen are not aware of that, but the long-term closure is beneficial for everyone,” commented Salazar. \u201c”If the department of fisheries (MAGA) does not have more authority to apply the law, the most likely thing is that those who violate the law, will continue breaking it,” replied Cord\u00f3n.<\/span><\/p>\nHowever, blaming only the sardine fishermen for fishing during the closed season is not the best strategy to find a solution to this problem. Most of them do it because they have no alternative to bring income to their households. “We would work on other things, if there were [options], but, for the moment, we don’t have any other opportunity other than just fishing,” said Zoila. <\/span><\/p>\nOnly in Punta de Manabique, a protected area administered by the National Council of Protected Areas (CONAP), are some alternative activities to fishing contemplated, such as charcoal extraction, forest resource management and cattle ranching. According to Sergio Hern\u00e1ndez, a CONAP technician, in addition to the permits for resource extraction (fishing, coal and timber extraction), the entity works with community members to also prevent overexploitation of these natural resources. <\/span><\/p>\n“We know that if the population is not made aware, they will not use their resources sustainably. Twice a month we carry out sensitizations with community leaders to involve them in conservation processes,” he said. <\/span><\/p>\nAlong the same lines, IUCN, through the Coastal Biodiversity Project, allocated economic resources to strengthen the network of fishermen in the bay area. “The aim is to provide economic alternatives for the sustainable management of fishery resources,” said Blanca Garc\u00eda, project coordinator. “The organized fishermen’s desire is to build a storage center with cold rooms, to be able to store the product (as is done in other fisheries like lobster or shrimp), set fixed prices for the whole year and thus be able to have income even during the closed season,” she added. This storage center will serve for all the fisheries that take place in the area.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n
Towards a sustainable fishery <\/b><\/p>\n
Although it is true that the weakness of the state is manifested in its limited capacity to monitor the actions of fishermen, and that there are no economic alternatives that sardineros can do while the ban is in force, it is also true that the fishing net they use, is a threat to other marine species. “It is a mosquito net (with mesh sizes from 2 mm to \u00be cm) that only allows water to pass through,” acknowledged Ixquiac. Of the 2,700 metric tons of manj\u00faa harvested annually, 10% of it is bycatch (ballon fishes, sea horses and other fishes of commercial value in juvenile stages)<\/span><\/p>\nAlongside IUCN\u2019s biodiversity program, Ixquiac is currently working with the fishermen to encourage the use of a net with a 5 mm mesh size. While this comes into practice, like all of the other efforts made up until now, the only recourse is to rely in the good faith of the sardineros to respect the current regulations.<\/span><\/p>\n“Now, the most important route of work is precisely the management of the accompanying fauna of manj\u00faa. The fishermen must separate them and leave the greatest amount of species that return alive to the sea after fishing. This is an agreement that must be reached as soon as possible,” urged Ixquiac. <\/span><\/p>\nThe other major role of this story belongs to the Guatemala\u2019s government, as they have to realize that, in order for all of this to work, they have to increase the budget of DIPESCA, to run more surveillance trips, to ensure that no one is breaking the law, and to seek ways in which the fishing communities can generate income while the ban is in force. <\/span><\/p>\n\u201cWe see the need tostrengthen the capacities of DIPESCA. We also see that one of its weaknesses is in surveillance, so that is why we promote participatory local management processes, where work agreements are generated with fishermen for the promotion and compliance of fisheries regulations,\u201d said Blanca Garcia of IUCN. She also stated that they are confident that all of these new processes they are working with the biodiversity program, will result in legal mandates agreed with all the sectors involved, and will be added to the current regulations now in force.<\/span><\/p>\nWhile the efforts of all the sectors involved manage to settle down, Zoila will continue with her routine in search of her daily sustenance. Like the rest of the sardine fishermen in the bay, her only objective is to provide for her family through a decent job. <\/span><\/p>\nThe fact that hundreds of Caribbean fishermen depend on the manj\u00faa to survive, and that this little fish is key to the food security of thousands of Guatemalans in the center of the country, necessitates the regulation of the entire production chain of this activity. <\/span><\/p>\n“The closure of this fishery does not favor anyone; on the contrary, it would considerably harm the fishing sector, intermediaries, consumers and the national economy. We know that it is possible to continue exploiting the resource, but in a responsible way,” concluded Ixquiac. <\/span><\/p>\nThis story was produced with support from Internews\u2019 Earth Journalism Network. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Manj\u00faa is vital to the food security of Indigenous populations in Guatemala.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":186,"featured_media":16037,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[699],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16070","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guatemala","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
The last fishers of manj\u00faa - Revista Late<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The last fishers of manj\u00faa - Revista Late\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Manj\u00faa is vital to the food security of Indigenous populations in Guatemala.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Revista Late\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-12-29T17:08:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-12-29T17:35:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/MG_2647-manju\u0301a-pescadores-5.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2048\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1365\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jorge Rodr\u00edguez\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jorge Rodr\u00edguez\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jorge Rodr\u00edguez\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/#\/schema\/person\/22051df866140b3c2610bd3bae3b5124\"},\"headline\":\"The last fishers of manj\u00faa\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-12-29T17:08:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-12-29T17:35:59+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/\"},\"wordCount\":2769,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/MG_2647-manju\u0301a-pescadores-5.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Guatemala\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/\",\"name\":\"The last fishers of manj\u00faa - Revista Late\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/MG_2647-manju\u0301a-pescadores-5.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-12-29T17:08:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-12-29T17:35:59+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/en\/the-last-fishers-of-manjua\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/MG_2647-manju\u0301a-pescadores-5.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.revistalate.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/MG_2647-manju\u0301a-pescadores-5.jpg\",\"width\":2048,\"height\":1365,\"caption\":\"In the Bay of Amatique, in Guatemala's Caribbean, some 600 fishermen fish for manj\u00faa, a species of sardine that is very important for the area's marine ecosystem. 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